Friday, July 10, 2015

ERICK MACHUA-PIRACY AND COPYRIGHT PROTECTION IN CINEMATOGRAPHIC WORKS IN TANZANIA.

CHAPTER 1
1.0 Introduction
In Tanzania the legal terminology “copyright” is defined and recognized as a property which vests in the author’s of original literary, dramatic, musical and autistics works. Copyright also vest in authors of sound recordings, films (cinematographic works), broadcasts, cable programs and typographical arrangements of published editions.
Copyright ensures certain minimum safeguards of the rights of authors over their creations, thereby protecting and rewarding creativity. Creativity being the keystone of progress, no civilized society can afford to ignore the basic requirement of encouraging the same. Economic and social development of a society is dependent on creativity. The protection provided by copyright to the efforts of writers, artists, designers, dramatics, musicians, architect and producers of sound recordings, cinematograph films and computer software, creates an atmosphere conducive to creativity, which induces them to create more and motivates others to create.
The main legislation which governs copyright in Tanzania is the Copyright and Neighboring Rights Act No 7 of 1999.[1]Section 5(2) provides for works in which copyright may subsist where Cinematographic works and other audio-visual works is provided
Copyright and neighboring rights are essential to human creativity. Copyright protection gives the creators incentives in the form of recognition of their efforts and providing them with fair economic rewards. Through copyright protection, creators are assured that their works can be disseminated without fear of unauthorized copying or piracy. This in turn increases access to and enhances the enjoyment of, among other things, knowledge and entertainment all over the world.
In Tanzania as a general rule, copyright protection is available to works of authors who are nationals of, or have their habitual residence in Tanzania. Works first published in Tanzania may also qualify for copyright protection irrespective of the nationality or residence of their authors. Works first published abroad but thereafter published in Tanzania may also qualify. Protection of intellectual property rights could attract investors and hence develop the national economy. Therefore protection of patents, rights to industrial designs, trade marks and service marks and artistic, musical and literary works is a very serious issue which every player in the market must be aware of and must respect.[2]
Cinematographic works are recognized in Tanzania and are included in the Copyright and Neighboring Rights Act.[3]The protection of copyright in cinematographic works in Tanzania is faced with many challenges. Piracy of cinematographic works poses a lot of constraints on the protection of the cinematographic works; it operates within the nation and across national boundaries.
Introduction of digital technology and internet has posed new challenges to traditional copyright protection. This is due the fact that it facilitates piracy of copyrighted works and this is to include cinematographic works. Introduction of digital technology and internet enables private individuals to publish, reproduce and communicate copyright works to vast audiences without resorting to original owners.
Piracy is a form of theft and is mostly often involves violation of copyright law. Specifically it refers to the unauthorized copying or use of intellectual property. Some scholars classify piracy into four forms known as internet piracy, optical Disk piracy, signal theft and Public performance.
1.1 Historical background
As with the concept of intellectual property in general many Tanzanians, among the few who are aware of the existence of intellectual property, think that in Tanzania, intellectual property is a totally new concept very few among those who know that intellectual property in Tanzania came with the colonial administration, thus we see the introduction in 1924 through Chapter 218 of the Copyright Legislation Marks in 1922. So the coming into then Tanganyika of the colonial administration came with those aspects of intellectual property. The immediate post independent Tanganyika did not have any significant change in the contents of the intellectual property legal system, although it is notable that the Copyright Ordinance Cap. 218 was repealed in 1966 by Copyright Act No. 61 of that year. In 1999 a new Copyright Legislation was enacted. It is the current Copyright Legislation in force.[4] Therefore it will clearly be seen, during the colonial administration the forms of intellectual property were mainly to protect the rights of the subjects who came and settled in the country and the national of the colonial power and of its allies. Intellectual property had little or no value to indigenous Tanzanians. This same position was maintained even after independence as indigenous Tanzanians did not have any objects of protection in the really intellectual property rights protection in the conventional sense. Indigenous Tanzanians did not have any patentable inventions or innovations, nor did they have trade marks to protect, even in cinematographic works, music, local composers knew nothing about the rights under copyrights. Intellectual Property then, was more or less an instrument of monopoly. There were infact some laws which were promulgated to inhibit innovative activities among the indigenous Tanzanians.
It is however now different due to rapid technological developments and rapid globalization process, co-operation among nations in all spheres of development including in intellectual property, becomes inevitable. International and Regional co-operation, to attempt the forging and harmonize intellectual property rights protection regimes among nations, have been made through various International and Regional Co-operation. The World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) and the World Trade Organization (WTO) as intellectual property norm setters have been the driving force behind these efforts. There have been some achievements although the asymmetrical reality of the developed, developing and least developed countries had made that task to be complex.[5]
However Piracy in cinematographic works in Tanzania does not have a long historical background. Piracy in cinematographic works started to emerge mainly in the late 1990’s when introduction of digital technology and internet took its pace. Also it is at this period when the film industry was getting its momentum.[6]
Prior to 1990’s the film industry in Tanzania was real low. Very few films were produced and there were no any trace of piracy in cinematographic works. However there were several instrument both legal and non legal which governed cinematographic works and film in Tanzania. For example there was Copyright and Neighboring Rights Cap of 1967 which was enacted to govern copyright.
Tanzania is member of WIPO Convention since 1983.[7]Also Tanzania ratified Berne Convention for the protection of literary and Artistic works of 1886 as revised in 1971 since 1963 which is supervised by WIPO.[8]
The cap of 1967 was amended and replaced by the Copyright and Neighboring right Act No 7 of 1999.The president assent in June 1999 and the law became operational from December,31,1999.It complies with the Berne convention(1886) and the TRIPS Agreement of the world Trade organization(1994)
The new Act extended the scope of copyright to encompass among other things copyright society of Tanzania (COSOTA)[9] The COSOTA is vested with the power to administer the copyright Act and serve as Collective Management Society. This is itself a great improvement. On the old Act among other things did not provide for an institution to administer the Act.

Sunday, February 22, 2015

Saturday, February 21, 2015

ERICK MACHUA-STORY YA BONNIE NA CLYDE 1

[Jay] All I need in this life of sin, is me and my girlfriend.
[Bey] Down to ride 'til the very end, it's me and my boyfriend.
[Jay] All I need in this life of sin, is me and my girlfriend.
[Bey] Down to ride 'til the very end, it's me and my boyfriend.

Hiki ni kiitikio cha wimbo maarufu wa msanii Jay z akiwa na mkewe Beyonce.Wimbo wenyewe unaitwa Bonnie and Clyde(Ama wengine wakiuuita Me and my Girlfriend).Ukiangalia mashairi ya kiitikio hiki kwa harakaharaka hayatakuvutia kutokana na ujumbe uliomo ndani yake.(Hasa kama wewe ni muumini mzuri wa Dini).Kwa tafsiri rahisi ya kiswahili yaweza kuleta maana hii.

[Jay]Nachohitaji katika maisha haya ya dhambi,ni mimi na msichana wangu
[Bey]Kwanzia mwanzo mpaka mwisho,ni mimi na mvulana wangu
[Jay]Nachohitaji katika maisha haya ya dhambi,ni mimi na msichana wangu
[Bey]Kwanzia mwanzo mpaka mwisho,ni mimi na mvulana wangu

Wakiimba kwa kupokezana Jay z anasema anachohitaji katika maisha haya ya dhambi ni msichana wake(mpenzi) na Beyonce anaitikia kwa kusema kwanzia mwanzo mpaka mwisho ni yeye na mvulana wake(mpenzi).

Historia ya wimbo huu ni ndefu ingawa muda haujafifisha umaarufu wake.Wengi hawafahamu undani wa wimbo huu.Kwa wale marahibu wa filamu(yaani wapenzi wakupindukia wa filamu)wanaweza wakawa wanafahamu Historia ya Bonnie and Clyde.Hata wale wafuatiliaji wazuri wa Historia wanaweza wakawa wanafahamu pia.

Bonnie Elizabeth Parker na Clyde Chestnut Barrow walikuwa majambazi na wahalifu maarufu kutoka Dallas huko Marekani wakisafiri kutoka katikati ya Marekani kipindi cha mtikisiko mkubwa wa uchumi(Great Depression).Bonnie na Clyde walikuwa wapenzi.Walisafiri pamoja na kundi lililokuwa likifanya uhalifu kwa kuiba Supermarkets na vituo vya mafuta.Inaaminika kundi hili liliua zaidi ya watu tisa.

Bonnie Parker
Huyu ni mwanadada.Alizaliwa mwaka 1910 akiwa mtoto wa pili kati ya watatu ya Charles Parker.Bonnie alikuwa kati ya watoto waliofanya vizuri shuleni akifaulu vyema katika masomo ya
kuandika,herufi na kuongea mbele ya halaiki.Upenzi wake wa kuandika akiwa mtu mzima ulimfanya kuanza kuandika mashairi na miongoni ya mashairi yake ni "The Story of Suicide Sal"na  "The Trail's End" (ambayo pia hujulikana kama "The Story of Bonnie and Clyde"  
Katika mwake wake wa pili wa Sekondari alikutana na Roy Thornton na wakaacha shule ambapo baadae walioana.Ndoa hii haikudumu kwa muda mrefu kutokana na matatizo kadha wa kadha yaliyopelekea kutengana ingawa hawakutalakiana.

CLYDE BARROW
Clyde aliyezaliwa mwaka 1909 alikuwa muhalifu wa kupindukia katika umri mdogo.Dada yake alikaririwa akisema "kitu fulani lazima kilimtokea akiwa gerezani maana baada ya kutoka hakuwa wa kawaida"Rafiki yake naye alikaririwa akisema alimuona akibadilika kutoka mvulana wa shule na kuwa Nyoka wa kutisha.Alianza kuiba Maduka makubwa,vituo vya mafuta na Mabenki na alitumia silaha aina ya M1918 Browning Automatic Rifle ambayo ni bunduki.Yote haya aliyafanya akiwa na kundi lake la Barrow.Inasemekana Clyde alifanya uhalifu huo sio kwa ajili ya kupata pesa ama kutajirika bali kulipiza kisasi kutokana na mateso aliyoyapata akiwa gerezani.

KUKUTANA KWA BONNIE NA CLYDE
Bonnie na Clyde walikutana katika nyumba ya Clarence(ambaye ni rafiki wa Clyde) na mara moja wakapendana na walibaki kuwa wapenzi walioshibana mpaka kifo walichodhani hakitoweza kutokea kilipowatenganisha.

UHALIFU
Wakiwa pamoja walifanya uhalifu mkubwa wa kuiba mabenki,magari,maduka,migahawa pamoja na vituo vya mafuta pamoja na kuua watu.Katika kufanya uhalifu huo mwanakundi mwenzao aliyeitwa Bucher aliuliwa na kipindi fulani Boniie alifungwa jela lakini akaweza kutoka baada ya muda mfupi.Akiwa gerezani aliandika mashairi kadhaa.


                                                    PICHA MAARUFU YA BONNIE AKIWA ANAVUTA 
                                                     HUKU AMESHIKILIA BASTOLA MKONONI.

Kumbuka hiki kilikuwa kipindi cha mtikisiko mkubwa wa uchumi(1929-1939)  na kundi hili lilifanya uhalifu bila huruma huku wakitumia silaha ambazo zilikuwa na uwezo mkubwa kuliko mapolisi.Kuna kipindi yalitokea mapambano ya kurushiana risasi kati ya kundi la Barrow na Polisi ambapo polisi mmoja laiuliwa huku mwingine akijeruhuliwa vibaya.Hii inaonesha ni jinsi gani kundi hili lilikuwa tishio.
Mwaka 1933 mwezi wa nne tarehe 13 polisi walizingira nyumba ya gereji walimokuwa wamejificha Clyde na wenzake tayari kuwakamata.Clyde na wenzake walishtukia mbinu hiyo na majibizano ya risasi yalitokea.Cha ajabu polisi walizidiwa kete baada ya kundi la Barrow kufanikiwa  kutoroka na kuwaacha polisi kwenye mataa huku polisi mmoja akiwa ameuliwa Katika majibizano hayo ya risasi
huku Clyde na wenzake wawili wakijeruhuliwa kidogo.Polisi walifanikiwa kukusanya baadhi ya vitu walivyoviacha akina Clyde mara baada ya kutoroka ikiwemo kamera na karatasi yenye shairi aliloandika Bonnie.Picha zilizokuwa kwenye kamera zilisafishwa na mojawapo ndo hiyo ya Bonnie akiwa anavuta sigar huku akiwa ameshikilia bastola mkononi.Picha hizo ziliwekwa kwenye kurasa za mbele za magazeti zikitangaza kuwa ni wahalifu hatari wa Amerika.Shahiri lililokamatwa la The Story of Suicidal Sal lilijizolea umaarufu mkubwa.Kwa miezi mitatu baadae kundi hili lilifanya uhalifu mkubwa sehemu za Texas,Minnesota na Indiana.Kundi hili likawa gumzo kila mahali na hatari kwa jamii.Mwaka huohuo mwezi wa sita Clyde na Bonnie walipata ajali baada ya gari lao kupinduka na Bonnie akaumia vibaya mguu wake wakulia hali iliyompatia kilema.Hakuweza tena kutembea vizuri na mara yingine Clyde alimbeba.Mwezi wa Saba tarehe 18 Clyde na kundi lake lilijificha sehemu moja iliyoitwa Red Crown tourist Court huko Missouri.Baada ya uwepo wao kugundulika hapa polisi walizingira nyumba waliyopanga wakiwa na silaha hatari.Hapa tena mapambano yalitokea.Hapa walifanikiwa kutoroka tena ila safari hii wakimuacha mwenzao mmoja ambaye  alikamatwa na polisi.

Blanche mmoja wa genge la Barrow akiwa amekamatwa baada 
ya wenzake kufanikiwa kutoroka.
Mwaka 1934 mwezi wa kwanza tarehe 16 Clyde alipanga mpango wa kuwatorosha wafungwa maarufu.Mpango huo ulifanikiwa na hii ikawa aibu kwa Jimbo la Texas.Hii ilifanya Bonnie na Clyde kuwa wafungwa wanaotafutwa kwa udi na uvumba.Idara ya Texas ilimtafuta polisi mstaafu Frank Hamer ili kuwasaka Clyde na kundi lake.Ingawa Hamer alikuwa mstaafu alikubaliana na kazi hiyo.Hamer alikuwa askari anayeigopeka kwa mambo mwengi na alikuwa mchapa kazi na mwenye nguvu,ujuzi na akili.Alipata umaarufu usiohojika kutokana na kufanikiwa kukamata baadhi ya wahalifu tishio.Hivyo ilionekana kazi ya kuwatia nguvuni Clyde na wenzake ingemfaa.Kazi hii haikuwa rahisi kama Hamer alivyofikiri.Kundi liliendelea kuua na kuteka watu.Raia nao walijawa na jazba na kuona polisi hawafanyi kazi.Hali haikuwa nzuri huko Texas.

Hakuna marefu yasiyokuwa na mwisho.Tarehe 23 Mwezi wa Tano mwaka 1934 Hamer aliwapanga askari wake vizuri katika eneo la maficho kichakani.Akijua kuwa Bonnie na Clyde watapita njia hiyo.Baada ya Subira ndefu walisikia gari la Clyde likiunguruma kwa mbali.Gari aina ya Ford V8 lililoibiwa siku si nyingi.Askari hao wanasema Clyde alisimamisha gari ili kuongea na Baba wa Methvins(Methvins alikuwa Rafiki wa Clyde) ambaye alikuwa ameegesha lori lake barabarani.Baba wa Methvins alikuwa amewekwa pale kwa makusudi ili Clyde asimamishe gari.Hilo lilifanikiwa na askari waliokuwa mafichoni walimimina risasi kama mvua kwenye gari la Clyde.Risasi hizo zilizotoboa gari la Clyde kama chekecheke zilitosha kukatisha maisha ya wapenzi hao wahalifu.Huo ukawa mwisho wa maisha ya Bonnie na Clyde.

ASKARI WALIOTEKELEZA MAUAJI YA BONNIE NA CLYDE



GARI WALIMOKUWAMO BONNIE NA CLYDE BAADA YA KUMIMINIWA RISASI
Wachambuzi wanasema Bonnie na Clyde walipigwa Risasi zaid ya hamsini.Kidoleni Bonnie alikuwa bado amevaa pete ya arusi aliyofunga na Roy(Mwanamume aliyefunga naye ndoa kabla hajakutana na Bonnie.

MSIBA NA MAZISHI
Bonnie na Clyde walitaka kuzikwa pamoja.Ila familia ya Bonnie ilikataa jambo hilo.Bonnie alizikwa huko Dallas katika makaburi ya Crown Hill huku Clyde akizikwa makaburi ya Western Height hukohuko Dallas.Shairi hili ni ishara kuwa Bonnie na Clyde walitaka kuzikwa pamoja.Bonnie alitabiri pia watakufa pamoja.

The Story of Bonnie and Clyde
You've read the story of Jesse James
Of how he lived and died;
      If you're still in need
      Of something to read,
Here's the story of Bonnie and Clyde.
Now Bonnie and Clyde are the Barrow gang,
I'm sure you all have read
      How they rob and steal
      And those who squeal
Are usually found dying or dead.
There's lots of untruths to these write-ups;
They're not so ruthless as that;
      Their nature is raw;
      They hate all the law
The stool pigeons, spotters, and rats.
They call them cold-blooded killers;
They say they are heartless and mean;
      But I say this with pride,
      That I once knew Clyde
When he was honest and upright and clean.
But the laws fooled around,
Kept taking him down
And locking him up in a cell,
      Till he said to me,
      "I'll never be free,
So I'll meet a few of them in hell."
The road was so dimly lighted;
There were no highway signs to guide;
      But they made up their minds
      If all roads were blind,
They wouldn't give up till they died.
The road gets dimmer and dimmer;
Sometimes you can hardly see;
      But it's fight, man to man,
      And do all you can,
For they know they can never be free.
From heart-break some people have suffered;
From weariness some people have died;
      But take it all in all,
      Our troubles are small
Till we get like Bonnie and Clyde.
If a policeman is killed in Dallas,
And they have no clue or guide;
      If they can't find a fiend,
      They just wipe their slate clean
And hand it on Bonnie and Clyde.
There's two crimes committed in America
Not accredited to the Barrow mob;
      They had no hand
      In the kidnap demand,
Nor the Kansas City depot job.
A newsboy once said to his buddy;
"I wish old Clyde would get jumped;
      In these awful hard times
      We'd make a few dimes
If five or six cops would get bumped."
The police haven't got the report yet,
But Clyde called me up today;
      He said, "Don't start any fights
      We aren't working nights
We're joining the NRA."
From Irving to West Dallas viaduct
Is known as the Great Divide,
      Where the women are kin,
      And the men are men,
And they won't "stool" on Bonnie and Clyde.
If they try to act like citizens
And rent them a nice little flat,
      About the third night
      They're invited to fight
By a sub-gun's rat-tat-tat.
They don't think they're too tough or desperate,
They know that the law always wins;
      They've been shot at before,
      But they do not ignore
That death is the wages of sin.
Some day they'll go down together;
And they'll bury them side by side;
      To few it'll be grief
      To the law a relief
But it's death for Bonnie and Clyde.





Wednesday, February 18, 2015

ELICE KATIKA NCHI YA AJABU

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Na Erick Machua

Alice’s adventures in wonderland (Alice In Wonderland)ni Riwaya iliyoandikwa na mwanariwaya maarufu wa kiingereza  Charles Lutwidge Dogson mwaka 1865.Ni hadithi inayomuelezea Binti aitwaye Alice aliyedumbukia kwenye shimo la sungura na kujukuta akitokea katika dunia nyingine ya ajabu na yenye viumbe visivyo vya kawaida.Ingawa Riwaya hii imejijenga zaidi katika mambo ya kusadikika imejipatia umaarufu mkubwa sana tangu ilipotolewa.Filamu mbalimbali zimepata kutolewa kutokana na Riwaya hii maarufu zikiwa zile za Alice in Wonderland (1903
Alice's Adventures in Wonderland (1910 na nyingine nyingi.Umaarufu wa kazi hii umepelekea kupatikana kwa msemo wa Alice in Wonderland.Msemo huu hutumika sehemu mbalimbali kuashiria kitu cha ajabu ama kisichoeleweka. Kwa mfano unaweza sema kwa kimombo “This-alice -in wonderland economic system”yaani kumaanisha uchumi usioeleweka.Au unaweza kusema kwa kwa Kiswahili rahisi “uchumi wa nchi yetu ni kama Alice kwenye nchi ya ajabu”

Sunday, February 15, 2015

ERICK MACHUA-THE SPITTING MAASAI



For the Masai, living in Kenya and northern Tanzania, spitting has a way too different meaning. Spitting for the sake of greeting one another, the Masai spit in their hands before hand shaking. Also spitting on the bodies of new born babies, they say that the baby is evil and bad. This way, they believe that evil spirits will not haunt the baby. The belief is similar to the concept of “hex” in some cultures. (Source),

ERICK MACHUA-THE HAUNTED DREAMWORLD

Dreamworld is a theme park in Coomera, Queensland. One building inside the grounds of the theme park, where the reality television series Big Brother Australia is produced, has been reported to be haunted since the show's start in 2001. Numerous production staff claim to have witnessed the presence of a young girl, as well as a child's voice and fog appearing late at night and early in the morning. In addition, since the Buzzsaw ride was built in the 2011, there have been sightings of a ghost called Jack Darke, who has been claimed to have been killed by a buzzsaw. It is also rumored that the Buzzsaw is built on a burial ground

ERICK MACHUA-PEMBE TATU YA SHETANI

Ilikuwa usiku kwenye majira ya saa tatu.Miaka kama mitatu iliyopita.Baba yangu(My Hero) Mzee christopher Machua aliingia ndani nakukuta tumekaa sebuleni mini na wadogo zangu."Erick umeshawahi kusikia kitu chochote kuhusu Bermuda Triangle?"Lilikuwa swali la kwanza mara baada ya kumsalimia na kukaa.Bermuda Triangle?.Nilijiuliza.Ilikuwa ndo mara ya kwanza kusikia hicho kitu.
"Hapana Baba"nilijibu kwa upole.
"Mnatakiwa mfahamu,hivi ni vitu muhimu sana kuvijua"Alisema kwa msisitizo.
"Ni nini hiyo Bermuda Triangle?"Nilimuuliza
Bila kuniangalia machoni "Tafuta,ni rahisi kupata"
Baada ya hapo tuliongea mambo mengine mengi ila akilini mwangu jina Bermuda Triangle lilikuwa likizunguka.What is this Thing called Bermuda Triangle.I could understand the word Triangle(pembe tatu).But Bermuda!..a lot of question marks.Siku hiyohiyo nilichukua simu yangu ya kiganjani(thanks for the internet thing wazungu wametuletea)na kuanza kuperuzi mtandao kuitafuta hii pembetatu iitwayo Bermuda.

Bermuda Triangle ambayo mimi nitaiita Pembe tatu ya Bermuda ambayo pia huitwa Pembetatu ya shetani ni eneo katika mashariki ya Bahari ya Atlantic kwa upande wa kaskazini ambapo inasemekana ndege na meli kadhaa zilishapotea katika mazingira ya kutatanisha.Ila kwa mujibu wa US Navy pembe tatu hii haipo na jina hili la Bermuda Triangle halitambuliwi na Bodi ya majina ya kijiografia ya Marekani.Watu wengi wamekuwa wakihusisha kupotea kwa meli ama ndege hizo na mambo ya kishetani ama mambo yasiyo ya kawaida.Mwaka 2013 mfuko maalum wa kimataifa kwa ajili ya mambo ya asili ulitaja sehemu kumi za maji zilizo hatari kwa meli lakini Pembe tatu ya Bermuda haikutajwa.Pembetatu ya Bermuda ina hadithi na simulizi nyingi.Wako wanaoziamini na wako wasioziamini.Kupotea kwa ndege ya Malaysia 370 tarehe 8 mwezi wa tatu 2014 kunanifanya niwe kwenye kundi la waaminio.Kwa kufuatilia kwa undani zaidi kuhusu Pembetatu ya Shetani Bonyeza hapa Bermuda Triangle